Material and energy balances are vital tools in industrial processes, ensuring the conservation of mass and energy, respectively. Material balances, based on the principle of mass conservation, track the flow of materials through systems, crucial for maintaining product quality and yield optimisation. Energy balances, rooted in energy conservation principles, analyse energy transformations across process stages, from raw material input to product output, guiding efforts to minimise energy consumption and maximise efficiency. These balances, ranging from simple to complex depending on the process complexity, are fundamental in process design, optimisation, and ongoing management, supported by modern computational tools for simulation and decision-making to enhance sustainability and cost-effectiveness in industrial operations.